References
Chapter 6: References
This reference list comprises all sources cited in the preceding chapters of this dissertation. Entries are formatted according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) and arranged alphabetically by first author’s surname. Where a work has multiple authors, all authors are listed in full. Digital object identifiers (DOIs) and URLs are provided where available.
Adler, J., Berryhill, R., Veneris, A., & others. (2018). Astraea: A decentralized blockchain oracle. In Proceedings of IEEE iThings’18. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00255
Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. HarperCollins.
Armstrong, M. (2006). Competition in two-sided markets. RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3), 668–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2171.2006.tb00037.x
Ashby, W. R. (1956). An introduction to cybernetics. Chapman & Hall.
Bank for International Settlements. (2023). The oracle problem and the future of DeFi (BIS Bulletin No. 76). Bank for International Settlements.
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (1995). Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118511
Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (2004). Save More Tomorrow: Using behavioral economics to increase employee saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1), S164–S187. https://doi.org/10.1086/380085
Benishek, D. M., Kirby, K. C., & others. (2014). Prize-based contingency management for the treatment of substance abusers: A meta-analysis. Addiction, 109(9), 1426–1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12589
Boumparis, N., & others. (2019). Mobile apps to reduce tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: Systematic review of the first decade. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11), e16170. https://doi.org/10.2196/16170
Bowles, S., & Polania-Reyes, S. (2012). Economic incentives and social preferences: Substitutes or complements? Journal of Economic Literature, 50(2), 368–425. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.2.368
Brewer, J. (2017). The craving mind: From cigarettes to smartphones to love. Yale University Press.
Brewer, J. Y., & others. (2022). Challenges in participant engagement and retention using mobile health apps: Literature review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(4), e35120. https://doi.org/10.2196/35120
Brunner, L., & Kortuem, G. (2020). DID and VC: Untangling decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials for the web of trust. In Proceedings of DLT’20. ACM.
Bryan, G., Karlan, D., & Nelson, S. (2010). Commitment devices. Annual Review of Economics, 2, 671–698. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143213
Buterin, V. (2021). Moving beyond coin voting governance. https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2021/08/16/voting3.html
Buterin, V., Hitzig, Z., & Weyl, E. G. (2018). Liberal radicalism: A flexible design for philanthropic matching funds. SSRN. arXiv:1809.06421
Byambasuren, S., & others. (2021). Effectiveness of mobile apps to promote health and manage disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9(1), e21563. https://doi.org/10.2196/21563
Caldarelli, G., & Ellul, J. (2021). Understanding the blockchain oracle problem: A call for action. Information, 11(11), 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/info11110509
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Christensen, C. M., Grossman, J. H., & Hwang, J. (2009). The innovator’s prescription: A disruptive solution for health care. McGraw-Hill.
Clear, J. (2018). Atomic habits: An easy & proven way to build good habits & break bad ones. Avery.
Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. (2024). C2PA technical specification (v2.3). https://c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/2.3/
Conant, R. C., & Ashby, W. R. (1970). Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system. International Journal of Systems Science, 1(2), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207727008920220
Congressional Research Service. (2023). Fintech: Overview of financial regulators and recent policy approaches (Report No. R46333). Congressional Research Service.
Cordier, R., Chung, D., Wilkes-Gillan, S., & Speyer, R. (2021). The effectiveness of protection orders in reducing recidivism in domestic violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 804–828. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019898438
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627
Difrancesco, S., & others. (2023). Long-term participant retention and engagement patterns in an app and wearable-based multinational remote digital depression study. npj Digital Medicine, 6, 34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00777-9
Ehrentraud, J., Garcia Ocampo, D., & others. (2020). Fintech regulation: How to achieve a level playing field (Occasional Paper No. 17). Bank for International Settlements, Financial Stability Institute.
Fahmideh, M., & others. (2023). Connect API with blockchain: A survey on blockchain oracle implementation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(10), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/3567582
Federal Trade Commission. (2023). Guides concerning the use of endorsements and testimonials in advertising (revised). 16 CFR Part 255.
Fogg, B. J. (2019). Tiny habits: The small changes that change everything. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Gannon, M., & others. (2023). FDA regulations and prescription digital therapeutics: Evolving with the technologies they regulate. Frontiers in Digital Health, 5, 1086219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2023.1086219
Giné, X., Karlan, D., & Zinman, J. (2010). Put your money where your butt is: A commitment contract for smoking cessation. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(4), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.4.213
Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A. (2000). Pay enough or don’t pay at all. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554917
Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493
Gorwa, R. (2019). The platform governance triangle: Conceptualising the informal regulation of online content. Internet Policy Review, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.2.1407
Gorwa, R., Binns, R., & Katzenbach, C. (2020). Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance. Big Data & Society, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945
Grand View Research. (2024). Digital therapeutics market size, share & trends analysis report. Grand View Research.
Gregor, S., & Hevner, A. R. (2013). Positioning and presenting design science research for maximum impact. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 337–355.
Halpern, S. D., French, B., & others. (2019). Changing health behaviors using financial incentives: A review from behavioral economics. BMC Public Health, 19, 1059. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7407-8
Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J., & Ram, S. (2004). Design science in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148625
Hoare, C. A. R. (1985). Communicating sequential processes. Prentice Hall.
Holt, V. L., Kernic, M. A., & others. (2003). Protection orders and intimate partner violence: An 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00576-7
Human Challenge Oracle [Multiple authors]. (2025). Human challenge oracle: Designing AI-resistant, identity-bound, time-limited tasks for Sybil-resistant consensus. arXiv. arXiv:2601.03923
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
Kaur, S., Kremer, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2015). Self-control at work. Journal of Political Economy, 123(6), 1227–1277. https://doi.org/10.1086/683822
Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 443–478. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555253
Lalley, S. P., & Weyl, E. G. (2018). Quadratic voting: How mechanism design can radicalize democracy. AEA Papers and Proceedings, 108, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181002
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674
Larimer, M. E., Palmer, R. S., & Marlatt, G. A. (1999). Relapse prevention: An overview of Marlatt’s cognitive-behavioral model. Alcohol Research & Health, 23(2), 151–160.
Linardon, A., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2020). Dropout rates in clinical trials of smartphone apps for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.167
Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (1992). Anomalies in intertemporal choice: Evidence and an interpretation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 573–597. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118482
Mantzari, E., & others. (2015). The effectiveness of financial incentives for health behaviour change: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 10(4), e90347. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090347
Marcolino, M. C. S., & others. (2018). The impact of mHealth interventions: Systematic review of systematic reviews. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(1), e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.8873
Marlatt, G. A., & Donovan, D. M. (2005). Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Menezes, A. J., van Oorschot, P. C., & Vanstone, S. A. (1996). Handbook of applied cryptography. CRC Press.
Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
Milkman, K. L., Beshears, J., & others. (2021). Megastudies improve the impact of applied behavioural science. Nature, 600, 478–483. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04128-4
Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2023). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change and grow (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Multiple authors. (2024a). A survey on decentralized identifiers and verifiable credentials. arXiv. arXiv:2402.02455
Multiple authors. (2024b). Decoding FDA labeling of prescription digital therapeutics: A cross-sectional regulatory study. Digital Health.
Myerson, R. B. (2007). Perspectives on mechanism design in economic theory [Nobel Lecture]. American Economic Review, 98(3), 586–603. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.586
Nisan, N., & Ronen, A. (2001). Algorithmic mechanism design. Games and Economic Behavior, 35(1–2), 166–196. https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1999.0790
NYU Moot Court Proceedings. (2025). The legal ambiguity of daily fantasy sports: Skill, chance, and the case for the predominant purpose test. In NYU Proceedings.
O’Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (1999). Doing it now or later. American Economic Review, 89(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.1.103
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
Parker, G. G., Van Alstyne, M. W., & Choudary, S. P. (2016). Platform revolution: How networked markets are transforming the economy. W. W. Norton.
Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Rothenberger, M. A., & Chatterjee, S. (2007). A design science research methodology for information systems research. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(3), 45–77. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240302
Posner, E. A., & Weyl, E. G. (2018). Radical markets: Uprooting capitalism and democracy for a just society. Princeton University Press.
Powers, W. T. (1973). Behavior: The control of perception. Aldine.
Prelec, D. (2004). A Bayesian truth serum for subjective data. Science, 306(5695), 462–466. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102081
Pressfield, S. (2002). The war of art. Black Irish Entertainment.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
Resnick, P., Kuwabara, K., Zeckhauser, R., & Friedman, E. (2000). Reputation systems. Communications of the ACM, 43(12), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1145/355112.355122
Resnick, P., Zeckhauser, R., Swanson, J., & Lockwood, K. (2006). The value of reputation on eBay: A controlled experiment. Experimental Economics, 9(2), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-4309-2
Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003). Platform competition in two-sided markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990–1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212
Royer, H., Stehr, M., & Sydnor, J. (2015). Incentives, commitments, and habit formation in exercise: Evidence from a field experiment with workers at a Fortune-500 company. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(3), 51–84. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20130327
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Schelling, T. C. (1960). The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press.
Sipser, M. (2012). Introduction to the theory of computation (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning.
Stitzer, M., & Petry, N. (2018). Contingency management treatment for substance use disorders: How far has it come, and where does it need to go? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(3), 290–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000359
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). Contingency management (Publication No. PEP24-06-001). SAMHSA.
Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. MIT Press.
Thaler, R. H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(3), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199909)12:3<183::AID-BDM318>3.0.CO;2-F
Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.
Turner Lee, N., & others. (2021). Health information privacy laws in the digital age: HIPAA doesn’t apply. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(2), 229–230. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-7726
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122574
U.S. Congress. (2006). Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA). 31 U.S.C. sections 5361–5367.
Volpp, K. G., & others. (2009). A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(7), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0806819
Wang, F., & De Filippi, P. (2020). Self-sovereign identity in a globalized world: Credentials-based identity systems as a driver for economic inclusion. Frontiers in Blockchain, 2, 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00028
Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine. MIT Press.
Witkowski, J., & Parkes, D. C. (2012). Peer prediction without a common prior. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC’12). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2229012.2229085
Wood, W. (2019). Good habits, bad habits: The science of making positive changes that stick. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
World Privacy Forum. (2024). Privacy, identity and trust in C2PA: A technical review and analysis. World Privacy Forum.
Zarour, M., & others. (2022). A comparative study on HIPAA technical safeguards assessment of Android mHealth applications. Internet of Things, 20, 100636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2022.100636
Zauner, C. (2010). Implementation and benchmarking of perceptual image hash functions [Master’s thesis, University of Applied Sciences, Hagenberg].